INTOLERANSI DAN RADIKALISME – SMA NEGERI 2 SRAGEN

SMA Negeri 2 Sragen | GURU

Pengertian dan Perbedaan Intoleransi, Radikalisme dan Terorisme

Disampaikan dalam kegiatan MPLS SMAN 2 Sragen

Oleh : Muhammad Yusri, M.Si

Intoleransi, radikalisme dan terorisme merupakan istilah-istilah yang belakangan ini kerap muncul di berbagai media tanah air. Dalam masyarakat Indonesia yang heterogen istilah intoleran sering muncul karena tindakan oknum yang enggan menghargai perbedaan. Padahal Indonesia bukan terdiri dari satu agama, suku dan adat melainkan beragam.

Nah, lalu sebenarnya apa defenisi dari intoleransi, radikalisme dan terorisme? Berikut penjelasannya.

Intoleransi

Intoleran merupakan sebuah “tindakan”, bukan pikiran, apalagi sebuah aturan. Disebut toleran, menurut Cohen (2004) adalah tindakan yang disengaja oleh aktor dengan berprinsip menahan diri dari campur tangan (menentang) perilaku mereka dalam situasi keragaman, sekalipun aktor percaya dia memiliki kekuatan untuk mengganggu (Cohen 2004, hal.69). Powel memberi contoh: Seorang Katolik disebut toleran karena dia yang membolehkan praktik keagamaan Protestan di masyarakat, sekalipun dia tidak setuju dan punya kemampuan melarang tapi justru memilih tidak mengganggunya (lihat Powell & Clarke, Oxford Univ, p.4-5).

Intoleransi adalah kebalikan dari semua prinsip yang terdapat dalam toleransi. Ada setidaknya 3 komponen intoleransi; (1) ketidak-mampuan menahan diri tidak suka kepada orang lain, (2) sikap mencampuri dan atau menentang sikap atau keyakinan orang lain, dan (3) sengaja-mengganggu orang lain.

Nah, kehidupan yang ideal dalam masyarakat heterogen adalah bagaimana kita bisa hidup saling berdampingan dengan cara toleransi. Jurgen Habermas, sang konseptor Ruang Publik, menggarisbawahi tiga poin penting tentang ruang publik ideal yaitu:

1. Partisipasi dan non-diskriminasi. Yaitu, ruang publik harus menjadi sebuah forum terbuka untuk semua.
2. Otonomi, yaitu ruang publik harus otonom karena lingkungan otonom kondusif bagi perdebatan kritis dan rasional.
3. Berisikan debat Rasional atau analitis, yang merupakan esensi ruang publik (Habermas 1989: 36).

Artinya, sebuah Ruang Publik Beragama yang ideal adalah wilayah bersama yang menampung segala cetusan keberagamaan tanpa halangan apapun.

Maka sikap antipati terhadap kelompok tertentu seharusnya tidak boleh terjadi, hanya karena simbol dan cetusan beragama mereka yang khas, seperti; jenggot, jubbah, atau wanita yang berhijab dan berkalung salib.

Radikalisme

Radikalisme juga menjadi istilah yang tak kalah populer di Indonesia belakangan ini. Terutama setelah ditunjuknya Menteri Agama Fakhrur Rozi dengan kebijakannya membabat tanda-tanda radikalisme di lingkungan pemerintahan.

Lalu apa sebenarnya radikalisme ini?

Secara definitif, radikalisme adalah suatu faham atau gagasan yang menginginkan adanya perubahan sosial-politik dengan menggunakan cara-cara ekstrem. Termasuk cara-cara kekerasan, bahkan juga teror. Kelompok-kelompok yang berpaham radikal ini menginginkan adanya perubahan yang dilakukan secara drastis dan cepat, walaupun harus melawan tatanan sosial yang berlaku di masyarakat.

Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Edisi V terbitan Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan tahun 2016, kata “radikal” berbeda arti dengan radikalisme. Kata ‘radikal’ bermakna ‘secara mendasar (sampai kepada hal yang prinsip)’. Nomor dua, radikal adalah istilah politik yang bermakna ‘amat keras menuntut perubahan (undang-undang, pemerintahan)’. Arti selanjutnya, radikal juga berarti ‘maju dalam berpikir atau bertindak’.

Selain sebagai istilah politik, istilah radikal dipakai sebagai istilah kimia yang berarti gugus atom yang dapat masuk ke berbagai reaksi sebagai satu satuan yang bereaksi seakan-akan satu unsur saja.

Sementara, radikalisme punya tiga arti, pertama, ‘paham atau aliran yang radikal dalam politik’. Kedua, ‘paham atau aliran yang menginginkan perubahan atau pembaharuan sosial dan politik dengan cara kekerasan atau drastis’. Ketiga, ‘sikap ekstrem dalam aliran politik’.

Dapat dilihat, unsur kekerasan sudah masuk pengertian radikalisme. Tujuan penggunaan kekerasan untuk mengubah kondisi sosial-politik secara drastis. Unsur kekerasan ini juga lekat kaitannya dengan terorisme, karena dalam KBBI, ‘terorisme’ dimaknai sebagai ‘penggunaan kekerasan untuk menimbulkan ketakutan dalam usaha mencapai tujuan (terutama tujuan politik); praktik tindakan teror’.

Radikalisme memang perlu diwaspadai, terlepas dari labelnya yang melekat dalam suatu agama. Semua hal berbau radikalisme harus diberantas karena akan menimbulkan krisis toleransi dalam masyarakat Indonesia.

Dengan maraknya paham radikalisme ini adalah adanya nilai-nilai intoleransi yang diajarkan oleh kelompok-kelompok radikalisme. Kelompok-kelompok yang terpapar oleh paham radikalisme ini kurang bisa menerima adanya perbedaan. Menganggap paham atau ajaran yang dianut kelompok di luarnya adalah salah. Misalnya dalam hal ibadah. Pastilah dalam menjalankan ibadah setiap agama mempunyai cara yang berbeda-beda. Namun, kelompok-kelompok radikalisme ini tidak mewajari perbedaan-perbedaan seperti itu. Kelompok ini juga kurang terbuka dalam menerima kritikan dan saran dari pihak lain.

Dalam konteks agama Islam, diajarkan bahwa perbedaan seharusnya dijadikan sebagai kekayaan sekaligus keindahan, agar kita senantiasa bersikap bisa saling menghargai satu sama lain. Sebagaimana Allah swt telah menjadikan umatnya secara berbangsa-bangsa dan bersuku-suku. Tidak lain agar satu sama lain dapat saling mengenal dan menghargai. Dengan ini, seharusnya umat manusia, terutama umat muslim dapat mewajari adanya perbedaan. Lebih dari itu, diajarkan pula bahwa Islam tidak didakwahkan dengan paksaan.

Terorisme

Istilah yang terakhir ini merupakan puncak dari intoleransi dan radikalisme. Karena biasanya aksi teror memang berasal dari akumulasi intoleransi dan radikalisme, lalu dituangkan dalam perbuatan yakni kekerasan yang menimbulkan ketakutan.

Arti terorisme yang telah disepakati pemerintah dan DPR adalah perbuatan yang menggunakan kekerasan atau ancaman kekerasan yang menimbulkan suasana teror atau rasa takut secara meluas, yang dapat menimbulkan korban yang bersifat massal dan atau menimbulkan kerusakan atau kehancuran terhadap objek-objek vital yang strategis, lingkungan hidup, fasilitas publik atau fasilitas internasional dengan motif politik, ideologi, atau gangguan keamanan.

Anggota-anggota kelompok teror ada di tengah masyarakat. Bagaimana cara masyarakat membedakan bahwa yang ada di depan kita termasuk teroris atau bukan?

“Untuk melihat yang bersangkutan itu terafiliasi kelompok teror atau tidak, bukan dari tampilan fisik, berjanggut, celana cingkrang, keningnya hitam,” kata Direktur Perlindungan Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT), Herwan Chaidir dilansir dari Detik.

Stereotip bahwa yang bercelana cingkrang adalah teroris dan yang berdahi hitam adalah radikalis itu salah. Yang benar, masyarakat perlu melihat sikap dari kelompok atau individu itu.

“Lebih pada paham yang diimplementasikan, yakni berupa sikap dan tutur kata yang keras, intoleransi, anti kepada Pancasila, anti kepada NKRI, dan mudah mengkafirkan pihak lain serta berkeinginan mendirikan khilafah,” kata Herwan.

Lebih dari itu, jalan hidup dan jalan pikiran teroris memang tidak mudah dimengerti. Mereka kadang terlihat seperti sufi, atau orang yang alim dan rajin beribadah. Namun tujuan mereka adalah mati syahid secepatnya. Mereka tidak peduli dengan kehidupan dunia, bahkan anak-anaknya juga diajak ikut mati bersama.

Namun sikap teroris dengan masyarakat biasa sebenarnya mudah dilihat. Mereka yang teroris tidak akan mudah bergaul dengan masyarakat umum. Mereka biasanya juga tidak suka shalat di masjid berjamaah karena menganggap ilmunya lebih tinggi daripada imam masjid tersebut. Mereka juga biasanya lebih sensitif dan arogan terhadap kritik karena mereka menganggap dirinya paling benar.

Demikian ulasan mengenai pengertian intoleransi, radikalisme dan terorisme. Semoga bermanfaat. (*)

Sumber : https://pelayananpublik.id/2020/01/28/pengertian-dan-perbedaan-intoleransi-radikalisme-dan-terorisme/

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